M2 macrophage-derived exosomes promote diabetic fracture healing by acting as an immunomodulator
Diabetes mellitus is a chronically inflamed disease that predisposes to delayed fracture healing.Macrophages play a key role in the process of fracture healing by undergoing polarization into either M1 or M2 subtypes, which respectively exhibit pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions.Therefore, modulation of macrophage polarization to the M